Simple cuboidal epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue found in the body. It is a single layer thick and made of cube-shaped cells. This type of tissue is found lining parts of the body such as.

Cuboidal epithelium is a type of tissue in animal. It is a very important type of tissue in the human body. Cuboidal epithelia are found inside the kidneys, in parts of the eye and the, in the ovaries and, in parts of the and lungs, and in the ducts of exocrine glands.Cuboidal epithelium is only one type of epithelial tissue in the body. Epithelium is a tissue that lines surfaces and cavities throughout the body, and cuboidal epithelium is so named because the cells of the tissue have roughly equal height, width, and depth, though they may not be exactly cube-shaped. Each cell has a spherical in its center. Other types of epithelium are either disc-shaped, with cell width exceeding cell height, or column-shaped, with the height of cells exceeding their width.

Cuboidal epithelium may be simple, consisting of only one layer of cells, or stratified, consisting of multiple layers.Epithelium is one of the major tissue types in the human body, the others being connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they are not supplied by blood vessels, though they are supplied by nerves. Epithelium receives its nutrition from the connective tissue that underlies it. The epithelial and connective tissues are separated by a basement membrane, a thin sheet consisting mostly of fibers. Simple cuboidal epithelia line the, the basic structural unit of the, as well as the surface of the ovaries and portions of the eye and thyroid gland.

In the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney, the simple cuboidal epithelium features microvilli, small, hair-like projections that aid in absorption by maximizing cell surface area. Simple cuboidal epithelia are also located in the ventricular system, a system in the central nervous system containing cerebrospinal fluid, and in the bronchioles of the lungs.Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue has the function of secretion and absorption, or releasing and taking in chemicals as needed. Like all epithelium, it also has a protective function. Simple cuboidal epithelium is also responsible for producing egg cells and cells.Stratified cuboidal epithelia are rarer than the simple variety, and are found mostly in the ducts of exocrine glands, such as the salivary glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands.

Exocrine glands secrete substances into their ducts, which release the substances into the external environment. They are distinguished from endocrine glands in that the substances they secrete are not.

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. Simple (or unilaminar) epithelia which consist of only a single layer of cells. Stratified (or multilaminar) epithelia which consist of two or more layers of epithelial cells.SIMPLE(UNILAMINAR) EPITHELIAA simple epithelium consists of only a single layer of cells, Each cell has a free surface and a basal surface which rests on the basement membrane.

The lateral margins of the adjacent cells are closely apposed and are held together by cell junctions. Consequently, in a surface view the cells appear to form a mosaic.

According to the shape of their component cells, the simple epithelia are further classified into the following four types:i) Simple squamous epithelium which is composed of flat cells.ii) Simple cuboidal epithelium consisting of cuboidal cells(cuboidal=cube-like).iii) Simple columnar epithelium which consists of long, column-shaped cells,iv) Pseudostratified Epithelium which really consistsm of a single layer of cell but gives a false appearance of being stratified. Simple squamous epitheliumThe simple squamous variety of epithelium consists of a single layer of thin flat cells which are roughly polygonal in outline. One surface (the basal surface) of each flat cell rests on the basement membrane, whereas the other surface (the free surface) faces a cavity or lumen of an organ. The cells have serrated or wavy margins and the adjacent cells fit closely together to form a continuous sheet.

Each cell contains a flattened nucleus located in the centre of the cell.Presence of the nucleus in the central region of the flat cell causes the plasma membranes above and below to bulge slightly., On surface view the closely fitting polygonal cells appear like tiles in a floor. STRATIFIED (MULTILAMINAR) EPITHELIUMThese epithelia consist of two or more layers of cells. Stratified epithelia are further classified into subtypes according to the shape of the cells in the superficial layer, i.e., the layer on the free surface of the epithelium. Thus, this group of epithelia has the following subtypes: stratified squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, and stratified columnar epithelium.

A special type of multilaminar epithelia is called transitional epithelium. STRATIFIED SQUAUOUS EPITHELIUMThis variety of epithelium lines those surfaces which are subjected to wear and tear. The number of layers in this type of epithelium varies considerably in different locations but the shape and arrangement of the cells are quite characteristic. The deepest or basal layer, which rests on a basement membrane, is formed by low columnar or cuboidal cells which steadily divide mitotically to provide a constant supply of cells for the overlying layers.

Next to the basal layer are present a few layers of larger polygonal cells. As the free surface is approached, the cells gradually become flattened and at the surface they are squamous.The condition of the cells of the most superficial layers of the stratified squamous epithelium varies with the location and environment of the ep thelium. Taking into account the state of the most superficial cells, two subvarieties of the stratified squamous epiihelium are recognized: keratinized (also called cornified) and non-keratinized (also called non-cornified).Over those surfaces which are subjected to abrasion an desiccation(drying), the cytoplasm ofthe superficial cells accumulates large numbers of keratin filaments.

Near the surface of the epithelia the cells lose their nuclei and organelles and become converted into dead, flattened plates (squames) consisting of the protein kerotin. The intercellular space between the squamous cells contains a water proofing glycolipid. This subvariety is known as stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. The best example of the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium is the epidermis which covers the entire free surface of the body.In the second variety of the squamous epithelium, the surface cells become very flat but mostly remain nucleated and their cytoplasm contains little or no keratin.This subvariety is known as stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium. This variety of epithelium lines those surfaces in the body which are submitted to abrasion but remain wet and are not subjected to desiccation. The lining epithelia of most of the oral cavity, oropharynx, esophagus, and vagina belong to the stratified squamous nonkeratinized variety.In both subtypes of the stratified squamous epithelium the most superficial cells constantly flake off from the surface, indicating the base to surface progress of the cells.

As already noted, mitotic activity in the basal layer produces new cells which move into the overlying layers and become polygonal in shape. In the polygonal cell layers the cells still keep on moving toward the surface until they reach the most superficial layers where they assume a squamous shape. The most superficial squamous cells lose their desmosomes and flake off from the free surface. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUMThe stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of two or three layers of cuboidal cells. This type of epithelium has a very restricted distribution in the human body.

It only occurs as the lining of the larger ducts of some exocrine glands like pancreas and salivary glands, The ducts of the sweat glands are also lined by this type epithelium. The stratified cuboidal epithelium has not been found to be involvedin absorptive or secretory activity.

Its probable function is to provide the ducts with a stronger lining than the simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUMThis variety of stratified epithelium consists of columnar surface cells which rest on one or more layers of roughly cuboidal cells.

This epithelium also has a restricted distribution in the body. The stratified columnar epithelium has been found to line some parts of the male urethra. The lining epithelium of the conjunctiva of eye is also a typical example of the stratified columnar epithelium.Note: Unlike the stratified squamous epithelium, the surface cells of the stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar epithelia are not continuously replaced by basal mitosis and there is no progress from the base to surface. TRANSITION EPITHELIUM (UROTELIUM)The transitional epithelium is a special type of stratified epithelium that lines the urinary tract. This epithelium is specially designed to withstand stretch produced by distension of the urinary passages due to storing and passing of urine.

The transitional epithelium is also specialized to prevent reabsorption of the urine (which is a toxic fluid). This special type of epithelium lines the renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal parts of the male and female urethra. Because the transitional epithelium is found only in the urinary tract, it is also known as uroepithelium or urothelium.The structure:The structure of the transitional epithelium is best studied in sections of the wall of the urinary bladder. It is to be noted that the microscopic structure of this special type of multilaminar epithelium varies greatly according to the state of distension of the urinary bladder.

In the undistended (I.e., contracted) urinary bladder, the urothelium appears to consist of 6 or 8 cell layers. The basal layer of the epithelium consists of cuboidal cells.Over the basal layer are present several layers of polygonal cells. The most superficial layer of tt: e epithelium appears to consist of very large dome-shape cells whose highly convex apices bulge into the bladder cavity. Some of these cells contain two nuclei.Distension of the urinary bladder stretches and flattens the epithelium.

In the fully distended (I.e., stretched) state, the transitional epithelium is seen to consist of only 2 or 3 layers. There is a basal layer of low cuboidal cells over which are present one or two layers of large flat (squamous) cells.The change in number of layers indicates the ability of the cells of the transitional epithelium to accommodate to stretching. The cells in the basal layer are not much affected by the distension but the cells in the next three or four layers become flattened (instead of polygonal).The large, highly convex surface cells not only flatten but also unfold their Iuminal plasma membranes to accommodate the increasing area. The folding an unfolding of plasma membranes covering the luminal surfaces of the most superficial cells of the urothelium occurs due to special structure of these membranes.When a fully stretched transitional epithelium is studied under EM, the apical plasma lemma of the most superficial cells of the urothelium occurs due to special structure of these membranes.When a fully stretched transitional epithelium is studied under EM, the apical plasma lemma of the most superficial by nervous or neuro hormonal signals.

They are found around the secretory acini of the mammary, salivary, lacrimal and sweat glands. Their contraction assists in the flow of secretion into the larger channels.